Design +45


플러그 이음 ( Bell and Spigot Joint )

내경을 상대 관 끝의 외경에 맞춰서 연결하는 파이프 이음을 말한다. 동관과 경질 염화비닐관 등에 이용된다. 전자는 납땜으로, 후자는 접착제 또는 가열에 의해 접합된다. 일반적인 관이음과 같이 여러 가지 모양이 있다.

하수처리에는 플러그 이음이 많이 이용되며, 아래는 표준 치수이다.




FEED

Design2013. 2. 25. 11:40

FEED (Front End Engineering Design)

Conceptual Design 이후의 단계로 Licensor의 Concept 를 따라 아래와 같은 document를 작성하게 되는 단계이다.

  • Mass & Heat Balance Calculation
  • PFD
  • P&ID (70~75% 정확도)
  • 전기의 Load list
  • 주요 기기 및 사이즈 (주요기기의 경우 100% 정확도) 
  • 계장의 Instrument list (80~90% 정확도)

좀더 세분화 해서 살펴 보면,

 - 엔지니어링 적인 측면;
    1. 대략적인 Load list - Motor, Tranformer, Drive, High voltage Switchgear, UPS, Diesgel Generaator 조건
    2. 공정에 필요한 유틸리티 - Air, Nitrogen, FF, Hot oil heating system, Air dryer등
    3. 주요 계기 - PLC / SCADA /DCS
    4. Instrument list

  - 사업관리 적인 측면

    1. 프로젝트의 총 비용 (+/- 20% 정도의 정확도를 가진 예측값)
    2. 플랜트에 필요한 총 맨파워
    3. 필요한 재료(Raw material)의 종류와 양
    4. 프로젝트 완공까지 필요한 대략의 시간

   - Philosophy 적인 측면

    1. 플랜트 운영 Philosophy / design basis
    2. Instrumentation Engineering philosophy
    3. Control System Philosophy
    4. Safety shutdown system philosophy

이 외에 각 기기나 계장의 data sheet등은 EPC업체의 Detail engineering 단계에서 develop된다.

아직 국내에서는 아직 FEED를 수행할 수 있는 이렇다할 업체는 없는 상황이다.

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<번역본>


재질

장점

단점

Carbon Steel
탄소강, 카본스틸

저렴, 제작이 용이, 흔하고 가장 널리 쓰이는 재질. 염기성 환경에 저항성

산성 및 강염기에 매우 약함. 다른재질에 비해 잘 부러짐, 특히 저온에서는 취약함.

Stainless Steel
스테인리스스틸

상대적으로 저렴, 제작이 용이. 카본스틸보다는 더욱 광범위한 환경에 저항을 가지며 다양한 종류가 있음.

염소에 저항성이 없으며, 온도가 높아짐에 따라 저항력이 크게 떨어진다.

254 SMO (Avesta)

가격은 중간. 제작은 용이한 편. 스테인리스스틸과 비교해서 좀더 광범위한 온도와 농도 조건에서 저항력이 좋음.

염소에 저항력이 거의 없으나 고온에서의 저항력은 개선이 가능하다.

Titanium
티타늄

염소에 대한 저항력이 매우 좋음.(해수용으로 광범위 하게 이용됨). 비교적 얇은 두께에서 가공이 가능

재질이 크게 비싸지는 않으나 가공이 어려움. 많은 비용이 용접에서 발생.

Pd stabilized Titanium

염소에 대한 저항이 고온에서도 우수함. 티타늄의 저항력으로도 부족한 경우에 해수용으로 종종 사용됨.

매우 비싼 재질인 동시에 가공도 어려우며 비용이 많이 든다.

Nickel 
니켈

고온의 부식성 유체에 우수한 저항력을 가진다.

비용이 보통과 비쌈 사이이다. 용접이 어렵다.

Hastelloy Alloy
하스텔로이(등록상표)
합금

선택할 수 있는 폭이 굉장히 넓다. 다른 재질로는 불가능한 산성 물질도 커버할 수 있도록 특별히 제작되기도 한다.

꽤 비싼 합급으로 꼭 필요한 곳에만 쓰는 것이 좋다. 대부분 용접은 쉬운 편이다.

Graphite
그라파이트,흑연

약한 염화수소 유체를 견뎌내는 몇 안되는 재질이다.

깨지기 쉽고, 매우 비싸며, 가공도 어렵다.  특정타입의 흑연재질에서는 일부 물질이 확산되는 것으로 알려져있다.

Tantalum
탄탈룸

다른 물질로는 견디기 어려운 매우 극한의 물질을 다룰 수 있다.

초 고가이며, 절대적으로 필요한 곳에만 사용해야한다.

-불펌금지-


<원문>


MaterialAdvantageDisadvantage
Carbon SteelLow cost, easy to fabricate, abundant, most common material.  Resists most alkaline environments well.Very poor resistance to acids and stronger alkaline streams.  More brittle than other materials, especially at low temperatures.
Stainless SteelRelatively low cost, still easy to fabricate.  Resist a wider variety of environments than carbon steel.  Available is many different types.No resistance to chlorides, and resistance decreases significantly at higher temperatures.
254 SMO (Avesta)Moderate cost, still easy to fabricate.  Resistance is better over a wider range of concentrations and temperatures compared to stainless steel.Little resistance to chlorides, and resistance at higher temperatures could be improved.
TitaniumVery good resistance to chlorides (widely used in seawater applications).  Strength allows it to be fabricated at smaller thicknesses.While the material is moderately expensive, fabrication is difficult.  Much of cost will be in welding labor.  
Pd stabilized TitaniumSuperior resistance to chlorides, even at higher temperatures.  Is often used on sea water application where Titanium's resistance may not be acceptable.Very expensive material and fabrication is again difficult and expensive.
Nickel Very good resistance to high temperature caustic streams.  Moderate to high expense.  Difficult to weld.
Hastelloy AlloyVery wide range to choose from.  Some have been specifically developed for acid services where other materials have failed.Fairly expensive alloys.  Their use must be justified.  Most are easy to weld.
GraphiteOne of the few materials capable of withstanding weak HCl streams.Brittle, very expensive, and very difficult to fabricate.  Some stream components have been know to diffusion through some types of graphites.
TantalumSuperior resistance to very harsh services where no other material is acceptable.Extremely expensive, must be absolutely necessary.

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오래된 차단 밸브를 교체할때, 흔히 마딱드리는 문제가 하나 있다. 볼밸브를 이용할 것인가? 아니면 게이트 밸브를 이용할 것인가 하는 문제이다.

물이나 유체는 원래 배관 시스템을 다양한 방면으로 망가뜨리게 되지만, 적절한 밸브를 선택하므로서 더욱 "천천히" 망가뜨리게는 할 수 있다. 어차피 시간이 흐르면 결국은 망가지는 것이므로, 망가지는 것을 "방지"할 수는 없고 "지연" 시키는 것이다. 



볼 밸브                  게이트밸브


볼 밸브를 사용하는것이 게이트 밸브를 사용하는 것에 비해 더욱 오랫동안 이용할 수 있고, 자잘한 문제를 덜 일으키는 등 성능이 월등히 우월하다. 
볼 밸브는 유체 흐름을 조절하기 위해 구멍이 난 유체를 이용하는데, 핸들이 밸브랑 평행하면 구멍이 열려 유체가 흐르고, 밸브를 1/4 정도 돌리면 구멍이 밸브와 직각을 이루면서 구멍이 닫혀 유체가 멈추게 된다. 볼 밸브는 몇년간 사용하지 않았어도 사용할 수 있어서 소위 굳어서 움직이지 않는 경우가 별로 없다.

게이트 밸브는 내부 축을 따라 게이트 즉 문이 열리고 닫히는 구조로 되어 있다. 축은 핸들에 나사형으로 연결되어 게이트를 올리고 닫으므로서 흐름을 조절한다. 게이트 밸브는 몇 가지 단점이 있는데, 그 중 가장 큰 문제는 시간이 흐름에 다라 게이트를 조절하는 축이 고장난다는 점이다. 이것은 게이트가 특정위치에 걸려 열거나 닫히지 않게 된다는 뜻이다. 또하나 문제점은 오랫동안 잠근 체 사용하지 않으면, 열리지 않는다는 점이다. 만약 열었다 하더라도 보통은 새기 시작한다. 하지만 명심해야 할 점은 아직도 계량계 앞뒤 라던가 하는 특정 부분에서는 게이트 밸브가 필요하다. 왜냐하면, 볼밸브는 1/4만 돌려도 쉽게 잠기게 되고, 이렇게 빨리 잠기게 되면 집안에서 돌고 있는 물이 워터 해머(갑작스럽게 유체의 한부분이 멈추거나 부딪혀서 나는 현상)현상이 일어나 어딘가의 문제를 일으킬 수 있기 때문이다. 물론 이런일은 그렇게 잘 발생하는 일은 아니며, 아마도 크게 고려할 사항은 아니다.

위 이야기는 일반적인 볼/게이트 밸브 이야기 이며, 가정용 위주로 기술하였으나, 대형 플랜트 시장에서도 그 특성은 크게 다르지 않아 기술해 본다.





펌프의 종류는 상당히 다양하다. 그렇다면, 어떤 종류가 적합할까? 적절한 펌프의 종류를 선정하는 것은 비용을 줄이고 펌프와 전체 시스템의 기대수명을 높일 수 있다. 

다음과 같이 주요 펌프의 종류를 정리해 보았다.


펌프 종류

기본 설명

주요 특징

적용분야

권장 유체

이점

유량

범위

압력(헤드,수두)범위

마력

범위

Centrifugal PumpsGeneral name for pumps with one or more impellers. Many types and configurations for different applications. See below for specific centrifugal pump types.One or more impellers. Casing is volute or diffuser type. Normally electric motor driven, but other drive types available.All sorts of liquids can be pumps with centrifugal pumps. Highest flow rates of all pump types. Handles clean or dirty liquids, and liquids with low viscosity. Liquid should not contain air or vapors.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen. Available in alloys for corrosive services.Best pump choice for lower viscosity (thin) liquids and high flow rates. No pulsations that may be found in some positive displacement pumps.

1 - 45,000

m3/hr

10 - 7,500 ft0.125 - 5,000 hp
ANSI Process PumpANSI Process pumps are the only dimensionally standard pump type in the U.S. pump industry (e.g., comparable sizes of all manufacturers have identical envelope and interface dimensions.) ANSI process pumps are, by definition, a horizontal, end suction, single stage pump. The pump meets ANSI B73.1 (ASME B73.1).Considered an end suction pump, frame mounted. Normally supplied with open impellers. Dimensionally standard sizes supplied by all manufacturers. Available in a wide variety of alloys and non-metals for many corrosive services.Transfer and process applications in chemical plants, pulp and paper mills, refineries, food processing plants, and general services in manufacturing plants of all types.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen. Available in alloys for corrosive services.Dimensional standardization allows the complete piping, foundation, and building design to be completed before the pump supplier is chosen. Also, this permits the pump brand to be switched in the field without having to re-pipe or modify the motor, coupling, or bedplate. This pump type has more material options than other types.

2 - 1,100 

m3/hr

50 - 750 ft1 - 250 hp
API Process PumpThe API pump type applies to pumps built to the API 610 standard for pumps for refineries, pipelines, and other hydrocarbon processing applications. It includes end suction, horizontal split case, vertical turbine, and other types.Meets API 610 standard for hydrocarbon services. Includes closed impellers, with locked wearing rings. Normally centerline mounted to minimize thermal movement.Hydrocarbon transfer and processing services in refineries, pipelines, and hydrocarbon processing plants.Crude oil and all types of hydrocarbons.Meets API 610 requirements, assuring safety and reliability for high pressure, high temperature hydrocarbon services.

2 - 2,200 

m3/h

50 - 7,500 ft1 - 5,000 hp
Axial Flow PumpAxial Flow pumps are a very high flow, low head type of pump. Also called a propeller pump.Single stage, high specific speed impeller for high flow low head.Flood dewatering, power plant circulating water pump, evaporator services, and irrigation.Water and relatively thin liquids. Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen.This pump type is the best type to achieve very high flow rate with very low head, a hydraulic requirement needed for certain applications such as flood dewatering.

1,100 - 45,000 

m3/h

10 - 30 ft10 - 1,500 hp
Booster PumpBooster pumps are used to further boost the pressure in a system. It may be an end suction, in-line circulator, horizontal split case, or vertical turbine in a can type of pump.Booster pumps are almost always a multi-stage pump (has more than one impeller). All other features are quite specific to the application.Potable water distribution, irrigation booster, cooling water booster, process booster serviceWater and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Normally not used for liquids containing solids. Available in alloys for corrosive services.Allows the building up of additional pressure that is required to move liquid a long distance or to use the high pressure for spraying or other services.

1 - 2,200 

m3/h

200 - 7,500 ft1 - 5,000 hp
Canned Motor PumpCanned Motor pumps are sealless centrifugal pumps. The impeller is directly attached to the motor rotor, with a can separating the wetted rotor from the motor stator.Pump and motor are close coupled, so no mechanical seal. Pump rotor includes a circulating path of pumped liquid to lubricate sleeve bearings and thrust surfaces. These wear areas are made of ceramic, silicon carbide, or tungsten carbide.Pumping chemicals, hydrocarbons, or other liquids that are difficult to seal, or where the consequences of leakage are serious. Pumping heat transfer fluids which are high temperature or which are prone to costly evaporative losses with traditional mechanical seals.All types of thin (non-viscous liquids).Eliminates the mechanical seal, one of the largest components of pump maintenance cost. Plus, the pump is assured to be leak-free.5 - 1,500 gpm25 - 400 ft0.5 - 300 hp
Chopper PumpChopper Pumps are a type of centrifugal pump that is designed to chop up solids and stringy material as it pumps. It is available in a vertical column and end suction configuration.Pump impeller contains heavy duty grinding teeth, and many have replaceable wear plates in the casing, to allow chopping of solids as the pump operates.Chopper pumps are used in applications that plug conventional solids handling wastewater pumps in industrial, chemical, and fool processing facilities.Liquids containing solids and stringy material that would otherwise be difficult to pump.Able to pump liquids containing long stringy materials or other solids that would plug up in other pump types.50 - 10,000 gpm15 - 200 ft1 - 500 hp
Circulator PumpCirculator pumps is generally a pump with in-line suction and discharge flanges.In-line suction and discharge piping connections. Pump may be equipped with a traditional motor and coupling, or may have a wetted rotor motor that eliminates the seal.Circulator pumps are used in HVAC systems in buildings (chilled water circulation, hot water circulation, potable water circulation). Also circulation of cooling water in plants.Water and relatively thin liquids.In-line design saves on floor space.5 - 750 gpm20 - 180 ft1 - 50 hp
Cryogenic PumpCryogenic pumps are used to handle very low temperature liquids.Special materials, seals, and clearances to tolerate very low temperatures.Low temperature applications in process industries, LNG supply, and semiconductor manufacturing.Ideal for very low temperature liquids.Able to tolerate the low temperatures found in certain applications.5 - 1,000 gpm25 - 1,000 ft0.5 - 500 hp
Drum PumpDrum pumps are used to pump small quantities of liquid out of drums and carboys. Pump is very slim to fit in drum opening. Normally supplied as centrifugal pump, but positive displacement pump types are available for thicker liquids and pastes.Small diameter tube surrounding the shaft fits into the opening of a 55 gallon drum. Normally has a hand-trigger controlled motor.Pumping small quantities of liquids out of 55 gallon drums and larger carboys.Wide variety of thin and thick liquids, including corrosive liquids.Very practical way to pump small amounts of various fluids that are stored in drums or carboys.0.5 - 70 gpm20 - 75 ft0.25 - 1 hp
End Suction PumpEnd suction pumps are the common type of centrifugal pump. Has horizontal shaft with overhung impeller. Flow goes in the end of the casing, and out the top.Horizontal shaft, single impeller (see multi-stage category for pumps with more impellers). Various impeller types for clean and dirty services, many material optionsAny transfer or circulation of liquid. Handles clean or dirty liquids, and liquids with low viscosity. Liquid should not contain air or vapors.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen. Available in alloys for corrosive services.Lowest first cost option for most applications. Stocked by most distributors in common sizes.5 - 7,000 gpm10 - 750 ft0.125 - 250 hp
Fire PumpCentrifugal pump used for fire fighting in buildings, plants, and other locations. May meet UL/NFPA standards for fire pumps. Normally this is a horizontal split case or vertical turbine pump for UL/FM services. Non listed pumps may be end suction type.Listed pumps meet the requirements of UL/FM for firefighting services.Fire fighting services of all types, both UL/FM listed and unlisted.WaterMeets requirements of UL/FM for fire fighting pumps. Suppliers often include complete system, including engine and controls.20 - 5,000 gpm100 - 1,200 ft10 - 800 hp
Grinder PumpGrinder pumps are a type of submersible sewage pump that has cutting teeth incorporated onto the impeller, to grind the sewage for pressure sewer applications. Also available in progressing cavity pump positive displacement type.Grinding teeth on the inlet of the impeller, submersible motor.Residential pressure sewer systems.Sewage and other wastewater.This type of sewage pump allows smaller diameter sewage lines than typical gravity drain sewers. Also, the sewer lines can follow the contour of the land since they don’t have to continuously drain to the collection point.5 - 50 gpm50 - 150 ft0.5 - 5 hp
Horizontal Split Case PumpHorizontal Split Case pumps are a types of centrifugal pump type has a single double suction impeller supported between bearings. Casing is split horizontally for maintenance. Suction and discharge flanges are opposed to each other.Double suction impeller gives better NPSH and lower axial thrust. Casing is normally double volute, to reduce radial bearing loads. Pump has two seals, both sealing suction pressure.Usually higher flow rate applications than end suction pumps. Used for cooling water, plant make-up water, potable water distribution, fire pumps, pipelines, and other main process flows.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Normally not used for liquids containing solids. Available in alloys for corrosive services.This pump type permits much higher flow rates than end suction pumps. The double suction impeller has no axial thrust loads, and is less likely to cavitate.100 - 100,000 gpm50 - 1,500 ft3 - 5,000 hp
Jet PumpJet pumps are a type of home water well pump that is used for lower flow rates than vertical turbine types. It is a horizontal end suction pump, put makes use of an ejector to assist the flow.Horizontal end suction pump with ejector either mounted on the pump (for shallow well services), or located down in the well.Domestic water wellsWaterLower cost domestic well pump than submersible.1 - 70 gpm20 - 200 ft0.5 - 5 hp
Magnetic Drive PumpMagnetic drive pumps are a type of sealless centrifugal pump. It transmits the torque from the motor to the impeller by means of a rotating outer magnet which transmits the magnetic flux through a can to an inner magnet that is attached to the impeller. The inside of the can is thus isolated, with no shaft penetration, and the seal is eliminated.Magnets are typically made of ceramic, samarium cobalt, or neodymium. Bushings and thrust surfaces inside the can are made of silicon carbide or tungsten carbide, or ceramic, to handle the potentially abrasive liquid that circulates inside the can. Most must be protected against loss of flow, which could seriously damage the pump due to temperature build-up due to the magnetic flux.Pumping chemicals, hydrocarbons, or other liquids that are difficult to seal, or where the consequences of leakage are serious. Pumping heat transfer fluids which are high temperature or which are prone to costly evaporative losses with traditional mechanical seals.All types of thin (non-viscous liquids).Eliminates the mechanical seal, one of the largest components of pump maintenance cost. Plus, the pump is assured to be leak-free.5 - 4,000 gpm25 - 1,000 ft0.5 - 300 hp
Multistage PumpMultistage pumps use multiple impellers with either diffusers or volutes generate more head than single stage (single impeller) pumps. Available in horizontal and vertical orientations.Casing may be split radially or axially. Axial thrust may or may not be balanced out, depending on design. Impellers are enclosed design with diffuser or volute casing.Higher pressure services such as boiler feed water, condensate, pipelines, reverse osmosis, and decaling.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Normally not used for liquids containing solids. Available in alloys for corrosive services.Best ways to get high pressure with a centrifugal pump. Thrust loads may be lower than single stage designs.5 - 10,000 gpm200 - 7,500 ft1 - 5,000 hp
Regenerative Turbine PumpRegererative turbine pumps are not considered a true centrifugal, but works on the same kinetic principal as a centrifugal pump.Instead of an impeller with vanes, the turbine impeller has blades similar to turbines, which generate the head. Normally it is end suction, single stage, though multi-stage versions are available.Normally single stage, though multi-sage is available. Pump has very tight internal clearances, so liquid pumped must be quite clean. Pump has very steep head-capacity curve, so pump must be protected against possibly operating against closed valve.Small boiler feed pumps for dry cleaners, bakeries, and similar small commercial boilers. Also used in OEM applications such as chiller and laser cooling.Thin, clear liquids.Very compact pump for low flow, high head applications. This may result in space savings and reduced cost for small boiler feed pumps. This pump type handles vapor and air mixed in with the liquid better than traditional centrifugal pumps.1 - 200 gpm50 - 1,200 ft0.5 - 75 hp
Slurry PumpSlurry pump is a general term for a pump that handles an abrasive slurry. They may be considered an end suction pump, vertical column pump, or submersible pump.Pumps are constructed either of high nickel cast iron (white iron) to withstand the abrasive wear of slurries, or the pump is lined with rubber for more round-edged slurries. Pumps often have replaceable wear plates on one or both sides of the impeller.Mining, minerals processing, transportation of slurries for processing, and dredging. Also pumps used in slurry applications in coal fired power plants, steel mills, cement mills, etc.Very abrasive liquids of all types.Ordinary pumps wouldn't withstand the abrasive wear that slurries cause on pump parts. Slurry pumps are designed to handle abrasive slurries and give pumps the longest life possible.10 - 30,000 gpm30 - 250 ft1 - 2000 hp
Self-Priming PumpSelf-Priming pumps are a type of centrifugal that can be located above the suction reservoir without an external priming system. End suction configuration, but enlarged case to support priming.No need for external priming or foot valves.Sump pumps and dewatering applications. Transfer services where pump must be located above the suction vessel.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen. Available in alloys for corrosive services.No need for external priming5 - 7,000 gpm10 - 350 ft1 - 150 hp
Submersible PumpSubmersible pumps involve a submersible motor with a close coupled to single stage pump that allows the entire assembly to operated submerged.Submerged motor, either air-filled or oil-filled. Different impellers are designed to accommodate solids of various sizes.Sump pump services, effluent and sewage services ranging in size from products for homes to main sewage treatment plants.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen.Eliminates column shaft and bearings found in column sump pump. More compact, reduced sump installation cost. May be located in areas prone to flooding.5 - 7,500 gpm10 - 200 ft0.25 - 250 hp
Trash PumpTrash pumps are a type of self-priming centrifugal or submersible centrifugal pump designed to handle rocks and other solids while dewatering.Open or non-clog enclosed impellers, designed to pass rocks and other debris. Pumps may be self-priming. Seals usually have hardened faces.Dewatering construction sites, mines, and utility pits.Dirty water containing mud, rocks, stone, and other debris.Designed to pump the solids and abrasives found in many dewatering applications.5 - 1,000 gpm25 - 150 ft0.25 - 50 hp
Vertical Sump PumpVertical sump pumps involve a vertical shaft supported in a center column. Single impeller, open or enclosed, pumps through a volute casing and then out a discharge column pipe.Various impeller types for clean and dirty services. Sleeve bearings in the column pipe need to be lubricated by the sump water, or externally with water or grease.Sump pump services.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen. Available in alloys for corrosive services.Relatively low cost sump pump. Most designs need no shaft seal, since shaft column not pressurized.5 - 7,500 gpm15 - 150 ft0.5 - 250 hp
Vertical Turbine PumpVertical turbine pumps are a vertical shaft pump that is designed to fit in a bore-hole well. Can also pump out of open reservoir, river, intake structure, or tank, or can be mounted in barrel for booster pump applications. Pump can have one or more impellers and diffuser bowls, depending on total head requirement.Available with open and enclosed impellers. Sleeve bearings in pump diffuser bowls are lubricated by liquid pumped. Vertical high thrust motor mounted on top for product lubricated lineshaft bearings, or submersible motor mounted below pump to eliminate lineshaft and lineshaft bearings.Irrigation, potable water supply, plant make-up water, cooling water, fire pumps, potable water distribution, booster pumps, process pumps.Water and relatively thin liquids (won't pump thicker oils). Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen. Available in alloys for corrosive services.Only practical way to pump from a deep well. Wide flow and head ranges. Low floor space usage. Immersed pump eliminates priming. Canned pump version excellent for low NPSH services50 - 150,000 gpm15 - 2,000 ft1 - 5,000 hp
Well PumpA type of vertical turbine pump designed especially for use in a drilled bore-hole well. Also, for lower flow rates refer to jet pump type above.Available with open and enclosed impellers. Sleeve bearings in pump diffuser bowls are lubricated by liquid pumped. Vertical high thrust motor mounted on top for product lubricated lineshaft bearings, or submersible motor mounted below pump to eliminate lineshaft and lineshaft bearings.Irrigation, potable water supply, plant make-up water, cooling water, fire pumps, potable water distributionWater and relatively thin liquids. Can pump liquids with or without solids if proper impeller type is chosen.Only practical way to pump from a deep well. Wide flow and head ranges. Low floor space usage. Immersed pump eliminates priming.50 - 20,000 gpm20 - 1,000 ft1 - 3,000 hp
Positive Displacement PumpsA positive displacement (PD) pump is a general name for a pump type that does not have impellers, but rather relies on rotating or reciprocating parts to directly push the liquid in an enclosed volume, until enough pressure is built up to move the liquid into the discharge system. This includes many specific types for specific applications, as described below.Pump works on positive displacement principal, either rotary or reciprocating type. See below for features of specific types.All types of services in many industries where positive displacement pumps are favored over centrifugal pumps due to high viscosity, presence of fragile or shear sensitive solids, or need for low flow and high pressure.High viscosity fluids, some thinner fluids, fluids containing solids, especially fragile solids, and shear sensitive liquids.Best choice for higher viscosity services, and to move liquids gently. May also be needed for low flow, high pressure combination, or other application niches. Some types are inherently self-priming, and several types are sealless.0.1 - 15,000 gpm10 - 100,000 psi0.5 - 5,000 hp
Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pump (AODD)Air operated double diaphragm pumps are any type of reciprocating diaphragm pump containing two diaphragms and driven by air instead of by electric motor.Air section with shuttle valve applies air alternately to the two diaphragms. Each diaphragm has a set of check valves.Many applications in general plant service where electricity isn't available, or where the liquid being pumped has high solids content or high viscosity.Wide range of liquids, including liquids containing solids, and corrosive liquids.Can be used where no electricity is available, if compressed air is available. Available in a variety of metal and non-metallic materials depending on the fluid pumped. Able to pump liquids containing large solids. Pump is sealless and can run dry with0.25 - 300 gpm10 - 125 psi0.25 - 30 hp
Concrete PumpConcrete pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement pump that is specially designed to pump concrete and other mixed aggregate solutions.High pressure discharge for pumping concrete long distances or up high elevations. Materials of construction that can handle the abrasive aggregate.Concrete pouring, construction projects.Concrete and other aggregate solutions.Best way to move concrete long distances and up heights during pour.10 - 1,000 gpm25 - 1,000 psi10 - 500 hp
Diaphragm PumpDiaphragm pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement pump in which liquid is pumped by a reciprocating diaphragm, which is driven by a solenoid, a mechanical drive, or a fluid drive. Other versions are air operated (see AODD type below). Pump has inlet and outlet check valves.Pump contains reciprocating diaphragm and inlet and outlet check valves.Many applications in general plant service where the liquid being pumped has high solids content or high viscosity.Wide range of liquids, including liquids containing solids, and corrosive liquids.Handles a wide range of liquids, including liquids containing solids. Pump is sealless, and can run dry without damaging the pump.1 - 1,800 gpm25 - 15,000 psi0.5 - 2,000 hp
Flexible Impeller PumpFlexible impeller pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump that has a rotating rubber impeller with vanes that bend and then straighten as the impeller rotates to conform to the internal cam in the pump casing.Various rubber materials available for correct compatibility with the fluid pumped.Used as bilge and ballast pumps in small and medium marine services. Also found in other applications in plants where fluids contain some solids.Water, seawater, and other thin liquids, including liquids containing some solids.Relatively low cost way to move liquids containing some amounts of solids.5 - 150 gpm10 - 60 psi0.25 - 10 hp
Gear PumpGear pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump in which liquid is pumped by passing between two meshing gears and the surrounding casing. There are internal and external gear types.Internal and external gear types. Typically doesn't handle solids or abrasive liquids.Most common pump for clean oils and other viscous liquids.Oils and other high viscosity liquids. Usually only suited for clean liquids (no solids).Most widely used for clean oil services. Few moving parts, simple construction.1 - 1,500 gpm10 - 2,500 psi0.5 - 2,000 hp
Lobe PumpLobe pumps involve two shafts drive lobes which mesh with each other, but do not touch due to the use of timing gears. This allows gentle pumping of liquids containing soft or fragile solids, or viscous liquids.Pump has timing gears so that lobes don't contact each other while pumping. Available in sanitary options for food, pharmaceutical, and biotech services.Available in sanitary options for food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and biotech applications.Liquids which are viscous or which contain fragile solids or are shear sensitive.This is the normal pump of choice for sanitary applications pumping viscous liquids or liquids containing fragile solids. No metal to metal contact inside the pump.25 - 3,000 gpm50 - 450 psi1 - 500 hp
Metering PumpMetering pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement diaphragm pump that has a very low flow rate (typically measured in gallons per hour or per day, rather than per minute). Flow rate is adjustable.Pump is typically a diaphragm style, though older designs are plunger type. Diaphragm is driven by solenoid, mechanical actuation, or hydraulic actuation. Pump includes inlet and outlet check valves. Normally contains stroke length adjustment to vary flow rate, and some pumps can also control flow rate with speed control.Used to meter or dose very low flow rates with high accuracy. Most common application is chemical treatment of water in boilers, cooling towers, potable water, etc.Wide variety of thin and thick liquids, including corrosive liquids.Accurate, repeatable volumetric flow measurement. Ability to easily adjust the flow rate by adjusting stroke length or speed..01 - 20 gpm10 - 200 psi0.125 - 5 hp
Peristaltic / Hose PumpPeristaltic pumps or hose pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump that has a roller or shoe that squeezes a tube or hose as it rotates. The squeezing action moves the liquid along the tube.Includes replaceable hose that must be compatible with the pumped liquid. This hose is typically able to be replaced when worn.This pump type is used to handle chlorine and other disinfectants in commercial swimming pools, in wineries, in sewage treatment plants, and in many OEM applications where sealless pumping is a plus.Wide range of liquids, including liquids containing solids, and corrosive liquids.This pump type requires no seal, and keeps the liquid inside the tube, so zero leakage.0.2 - 200 gpm10 - 250 psi0.125 - 40 hp
Piston PumpPiston pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement pump that has, double acting reciprocating pistons.Pump includes one or more double acting pistons, sealed with o-rings against cylinder walls. Pump has an inlet and outlet check valve for each piston.Used in oil production, in wash down services, pressure washing, car washes, reverse osmosis, and other applications where high pressure is needed.Water and other thin liquids, including liquids containing abrasives.May be better alternative than plunger pump in certain applications, such as abrasive liquids. Slower speeds may mean less maintenance.5 - 700 gpm50 - 5,000 psi1 - 500 hp
Plunger PumpPlunger pumps are a type of reciprocating positive displacement pump that has, typically, three or five single acting reciprocating plungers.Pump includes one or more single acting plungers, sealed with packing against cylinder walls. Pump has an inlet and outlet check valve for each plunger.Used in oil production, in wash down services, pressure washing, car washes, reverse osmosis, and other applications where high pressure is needed.Water and other thin liquids, crude oils.Best way to achieve very high pressures when pumping.5 - 1,200 gpm50 - 100,000 psi1 - 5,000 hp
Progressive Cavity PumpProgressive cavity pumps are a type of rotary positive displament pump that has a single-threaded helically shaped rotor turning inside of a double-threaded helically shaped rubber stator. This produces a progressing cavity that moves the liquid through the pump and pressurizes it.Rotor is an interference fit inside the electrometric stator to minimize leakage (slip). Starting torque may be higher than running torque because of this.Used to pump polymers and dewatered sludge in sewage treatment applications, and in pumping liquids which are viscous or contain solids in industrial plants such as pulp mills, petrochemical, and chemical plants.Wide variety of thin and thick liquids, including corrosive liquids and liquids containing solids.Sometimes considered the pump of last resort, as it will handle difficult liquids which are viscous or contain solids and which other pump types cannot accommodate.10 - 2,400 gpm50 - 2,000 psi1 - 500 hp
Screw PumpScrew pumps use two intermeshing screws, driven by timing gears, move oils and other viscous liquids. Also available with three screws, one driving the other.Two screw pumps make use of timing gears so that meshing screws don't drive each other. Triple screw types have one screw driving the other two and don't include timing gears.Fuel transfer, elevators, and other applications requiring relatively high flow rates of viscous liquids.Oils, fuels, and other high viscosity liquids. Also handles two-phase liquid/gas mixtures.Highest flow rate of positive displacement pumps.50 - 15,000 gpm50 - 4,500 psi5 - 5,000 hp
Vane PumpVane pumps use a rotor with vanes located in slots, rotating inside an eccentrically shaped casing. As the rotor turns, the vanes move in and out of the slots.Sliding vanes are often made of carbon.An alternative to a gear pump for transferring oils and other viscous liquids. Also good for thinner liquids.Oils and other high viscosity liquids. Usually only suited for clean liquids (no solids). Also good for thin liquids like gasoline and water.Good for both thick and thin liquids, so often chosen for terminals and truck unloading where many types of liquids are handled.5 - 2,500 gpm20 - 200 psi1 - 300 hp



Flow measurement 선정시 가격적인 요소를 고려하기 이전에 아래와 같은 사항을 고려해야 한다.

1. 측정 flow range
2. 측정하려는 변수
3. 정확도 및 반복 정밀도
4. 단방향 흐름인지, 양방향 흐름인지 여부
5. 설치부분의 입/출구 부분에 straight run 조건이 걸려있는지 여부
6. 계량기 입구부분의 파이핑 구조
7. 필터 필요여부
8. 측정이 지속적인지, 총량으로 검출해야하는지 여부
9. 아날로그/디지털 시그널
10. 진동이 계량기 정확도에 미칠수 있는 영향
11. 측정 주기
12. 유지보수를 위한 계량기 접근성

위와 같은 적합성 여부는 다음과 같은 사항을 고려하여 결정한다.

1. 플랜트 운영자들의 친숙성
2. 기록상 실패도
3. 계량기 종류에 따른 신뢰도
4. 교정, 유지보수 편이성
5. 전체적인 그림에서 유형/무형적인 요소

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Crane 책은 아마도 전통적인 공정엔지니어라면 다들 한번쯤은 읽어봤을 만한 필독서입니다.


유체 흐름에 관한 기초를 상세하게 잘 설명하고 있고, 수학의 정석 처럼 구성 또한 깔끔한 편입니다.


저작권때문에 올리지는 못하지만, 공정엔지니어라면 주위의 선배에게 꼭 얻어서 필독하시는 것을 추천합니다.




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PIPING 과 FITTING DIMENSION이 정리되어 있는 엑셀 파일입니다.








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Crane 사에서 나온 Flow of Fluid / TP-410 의 연습문제를 풀이한 파일입니다.

뒷부분은 아직 작성이 안된부분이 있습니다.


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Hot tapping

Design2012. 1. 13. 11:53

Hot Tapping 

기존 설비의 운영을 멈추지 않고, 배관,설비를 개선하는 방법. 반댓말 : Cold tapping





출처 : 한국 가스기술공사

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